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It is then sold for use as whiting, pigments, and polishing compounds. Pigments and Polishing Compounds: Titanium dioxide powder is carefully processed to remove impurities and classified by particle size. Most commercially produced ilmenite is recovered by excavating or dredging these sands, which are then processed to remove the heavy mineral grains such as ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, and zircon. "Black sand prospecting" has long been a method of finding heavy mineral placer deposits. The high specific gravity of these grains causes them to segregate during stream transport and accumulate as "heavy mineral sands." These sands are black in color and easily recognized by geologists. When rocks containing ilmenite weather, grains of ilmenite disperse with the sediment. Ilmenite has a high resistance to weathering. Ilmenite also crystallizes in veins and cavities and sometimes occurs as well-formed crystals in pegmatites. These ilmenite-bearing rocks are often gabbro, norite, or anorthosite. This causes ilmenite and similar-temperature minerals, such as magnetite, to accumulate in a layer at the bottom of the magma chamber. These crystals are heavier than the surrounding melt and sink to the bottom of the magma chamber.
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As it cools, crystals of ilmenite will begin forming at a specific temperature. A large underground magma chamber can take centuries to cool. Most ilmenite forms during the slow cooling of magma chambers and is concentrated through the process of magmatic segregation. Photo by the United States Geological Survey.
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The sands were weathered and eroded from an anorthocite exposure a short distance away. Weakly consolidated sands containing about 4% heavy minerals are excavated and processed to remove ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, and zircon. Mining Heavy Minerals: Excavators remove heavy mineral sands at the Concord Mine in south-central Virginia. Photograph by Carleton Bern, United States Geological Survey. Most of the ilmenite mined today is from sands with a heavy mineral concentration. Heavy Mineral Sand: Shallow digging at Folly Beach, South Carolina, exposes thin layers of heavy-mineral sands.